When he flew to Nigeria for a enterprise journey in late February, Tigran Gambaryan, a prime compliance officer on the cryptocurrency change Binance, packed a small suitcase with simply sufficient garments for 2 days.

A former U.S. legislation enforcement agent, Mr. Gambaryan knew the journey was dangerous. Just a few weeks earlier, he and a gaggle of colleagues had rushed out of Nigeria, involved that the native authorities would possibly detain them, 5 individuals accustomed to that journey stated. This time, he assured his spouse, he would “get in and get out.”

A month and a half later, Mr. Gambaryan is being held at Kuje jail within the Nigerian capital of Abuja, a posh that has housed Islamic State militants and Boko Haram fighters.

After assembly with authorities officers in Abuja on Feb. 26, Mr. Gambaryan, 39, and a Binance colleague, Nadeem Anjarwalla, had been abruptly escorted to a guesthouse managed by Nigerian safety officers, the place they had been held for practically a month with no formal expenses filed in opposition to them.

Then, late final month, Mr. Anjarwalla, the corporate’s regional supervisor for Africa, escaped underneath mysterious circumstances. Preliminary stories advised he had fled Nigeria after guards permitted him to depart the guesthouse for Ramadan prayers.

Inside days of the escape, the Nigerian authorities charged Mr. Gambaryan, Mr. Anjarwalla and Binance itself with tax evasion and cash laundering — successfully accusing the corporate and two midlevel workers of the identical crimes.

This account of Mr. Gambaryan’s detention in Nigeria relies on interviews with Nigerian officers, crypto compliance specialists and a dozen different individuals with data of the scenario, a lot of whom requested anonymity to debate a legally delicate matter.

In an April 3 assertion, Binance denied that Mr. Gambaryan had any “decision-making energy” within the firm and stated that he shouldn’t be “held accountable whereas present discussions are ongoing between Binance and Nigerian authorities officers.”

A Binance spokesman, Brad Jaffe, stated the corporate had “nice respect” for the Nigerian authorities and remained engaged in “good religion discussions in any respect ranges.”

Mr. Gambaryan’s arrest is the newest flashpoint in years of authorized troubles for Binance, the world’s largest crypto change. The corporate is attempting to rebuild after it agreed to pay $4.3 billion in penalties final yr to settle expenses by a number of U.S. companies that it violated financial sanctions in opposition to Syria, Cuba and Iran whereas permitting prison exercise to flourish on its platform.

The case additionally reveals how the crypto trade, constructed on know-how that was initially designed to bypass the worldwide monetary system, continues to be struggling to remain on the correct facet of legislation enforcement in international locations all over the world. In November, Binance’s founder, Changpeng Zhao, stepped down as chief government and pleaded responsible to cash laundering violations in the USA.

Binance changed Mr. Zhao with Richard Teng, a former Singaporean regulator, and continued to function worldwide, however with a smaller workers after it laid off 3,000 of its practically 8,000 workers final yr.

Across the time of the management change, Binance was working with the Nigerian authorities, hoping to collaborate on efforts to observe crypto transactions for monetary crime. However these discussions deteriorated as Nigerian officers voiced suspicions that Binance was committing a few of the identical crimes that the USA had investigated.

With one of many largest economies in Africa, Nigeria has not too long ago turn into a sizzling spot for digital currencies: It has the second-highest rate of crypto adoption on the planet behind India, in line with Chainalysis, a knowledge agency. Some Nigerians have turned to crypto as a substitute for the native foreign money, which has depreciated substantially over the previous two years.

Mr. Gambaryan, a weight lifter who practices martial arts in his spare time, spent his early childhood in Armenia earlier than shifting to Fresno, Calif. as a preteen. He now lives exterior Atlanta along with his spouse and two younger kids.

Binance employed Mr. Gambaryan to work on compliance points in 2021 and finally made him the top of its monetary crime compliance workforce.

By the point he traveled to Nigeria, Mr. Gambaryan had turn into one of many firm’s most acknowledged workers exterior its government suite. He spoke at conferences, used his pedigree as a former legislation enforcement officer to assist recast Binance as a law-abiding monetary agency and met with authorities officers all over the world. He appreciated to recount his years as a prison investigator for the Treasury Division, the place he was a part of the workforce that investigated crimes linked to the Silk Highway, a darkish net market. His mates and colleagues described him as fearless and pleased with his authorities service.

In early January, Mr. Gambaryan was a part of a delegation of Binance workers that traveled to Abuja for conferences with Nigerian officers, who had been involved that the corporate was evading taxes and violating anti-money laundering guidelines.

The journey quickly turned horrifying, six individuals accustomed to it stated. On Jan. 8, Binance’s delegation met with a gaggle of Nigerian legislators, who learn aloud a listing of accusations in opposition to the corporate, together with tax violations, three of the individuals stated. The Binance delegation requested how they may resolve the federal government’s considerations.

Peter Aniekwe, a Nigerian lawmaker who attended the assembly, stated in an interview that he and his colleagues informed Binance’s workers to talk with the Nigerian tax authority about how a lot the corporate owed.

Then one of many lawmakers advised that the delegation was liable to detention. “We informed them that it’s higher to settle or they won’t depart Nigeria,” Mr. Aniekwe stated.

It was meant to be an informal remark, Mr. Aniekwe stated, and never an specific menace, since legislators don’t have any energy to arrest anybody.

Nonetheless, the workers had been alarmed. That night time, an area Nigerian lawyer who was working with Binance informed the delegation that the price of settling the corporate’s authorized issues in Nigeria might exceed $100 million, three individuals accustomed to the talks stated.

Fearing for his or her security, Mr. Gambaryan and his colleagues lower the journey brief and flew out of Nigeria, the individuals stated.

Only a month and a half later, although, Mr. Gambaryan went again.

The choice-making amongst Binance officers concerning the return journey was muddled, and it wasn’t clear who made the ultimate name. Buddies and colleagues pleaded with Mr. Gambaryan to not go, three individuals accustomed to these discussions stated. He responded that he felt a way of obligation to return, and that he thought he might mend relations with the Nigerian officers, an individual accustomed to his considering stated.

The talk reached Binance’s prime executives, an individual accustomed to the discussions stated. Earlier than Mr. Gambaryan left, Binance acquired assurances from native officers that he could be protected, the particular person stated, and the corporate employed a safety agency to assist him navigate Abuja.

However tensions had been rising. A couple of days earlier than Mr. Gambaryan’s return journey, Bayo Onanuga, an adviser to Nigeria’s president, accused Binance of facilitating buying and selling that had contributed to the collapse of the naira, the nation’s foreign money.

Just one different Binance worker traveled with Mr. Gambaryan — Mr. Anjarwalla, who had additionally been a part of the January delegation. On Feb. 26, they met with officers from Nigeria’s monetary regulators and different authorities companies. Binance didn’t ship any legal professionals to accompany them, an individual accustomed to the assembly stated.

The discussions turned hostile. The Nigerian officers wished Binance to show over knowledge for a big swath of its clients, a requirement that the corporate was unwilling to fulfill, three individuals accustomed to the talks stated.

A couple of hours later, Nigerian officers escorted Mr. Gambaryan and Mr. Anjarwalla to their lodge and ordered them to pack their baggage, in line with their households. Then they had been taken to the guesthouse — a safe compound close to the headquarters of Nigeria’s nationwide safety adviser. “You’re our visitor now,” a Nigerian official informed them, in line with an individual accustomed to what occurred.

The Nigerian authorities confiscated Mr. Gambaryan’s and Mr. Anjarwalla’s passports, however they had been in a position to hold their telephones, permitting them to speak with household and colleagues. No prison expenses had been filed, although an area courtroom issued an order allowing the authorities to detain Mr. Gambaryan and Mr. Anjarwalla pending an investigation.

For weeks, they stayed in a piece of the home that included two bedrooms, a front room and a kitchen. Guards holding AK-47s had been stationed close by, an individual accustomed to the matter stated.

Speaking to the BBC in early March, Mr. Onanuga, the presidential aide, stated Nigeria’s authorities was demanding near $10 billion from Binance “in retribution as a result of they actually tousled our economic system in a really brief time.” (In an interview with The New York Instances, Mr. Onanuga stated he had meant that Binance “could” must pay such an quantity, and that he had been speculating concerning the dimension of a possible nice.)

On March 22, legal professionals for Mr. Gambaryan and Mr. Anjarwalla discovered that Nigeria was making ready to cost the 2 males personally with prison violations, as a part of its case in opposition to Binance, in line with their households. The following morning, Mr. Gambaryan woke as much as uncover that Mr. Anjarwalla was lacking, an individual accustomed to the matter stated.

How Mr. Anjarwalla managed to flee was unclear. A neighborhood newspaper reported that Mr. Anjarwalla, who has twin nationality in Kenya and Britain, had used his Kenyan passport to depart Nigeria after handing over his British one. The guards led him to a close-by mosque for Ramadan on March 22, the report stated, earlier than he someway slipped away.

A consultant for Mr. Anjarwalla stated he left Nigeria “by lawful means.” A spokesman for Nigeria’s nationwide safety adviser said the nation’s safety companies had been working to acquire a world arrest warrant for him.

“The personnel accountable for the custody of the suspect have been arrested,” the spokesman stated.

After the escape, the Nigerian authorities confiscated Mr. Gambaryan’s telephone. On March 25, he, Mr. Anjarwalla and Binance had been charged with cash laundering, tax evasion and different crimes. A choose ordered Mr. Gambaryan to be taken to Kuje, the place the Islamic State staged a dramatic jail break in 2022 to free lots of of its fighters.

Mr. Gambaryan’s household, mates and colleagues have been lobbying U.S. officers to safe his launch. “They should make it clear that this type of injustice shouldn’t be tolerated,” Mr. Gambaryan’s spouse, Yuki, stated in an interview.

A White Home official, who requested anonymity to debate delicate diplomatic points, stated the administration was working with the U.S. embassy in Nigeria to resolve the scenario.

Mr. Gambaryan has legal professionals representing him in Nigeria and is scheduled to look in courtroom for a bail listening to on Monday, a spokeswoman for his household stated. Earlier than he was taken to Kuje, Mr. Gambaryan recorded a video of himself within the courtyard of the guesthouse.

“Guys, I’ve performed nothing flawed,” he stated. “I’ve been a cop my complete life. I simply ask the Nigerian authorities to let me go.”

Julian Barnes and Ruth Maclean contributed reporting.