After struggling a setback at two Mercedes-Benz vegetation in Alabama on Friday, the United Vehicle Employees union’s efforts to arrange different auto factories within the South is more likely to gradual and will wrestle to make headway.

About 56 p.c of the Mercedes staff who voted rejected the U.A.W. in an election after the union chalked up two main wins this yr. In April, staff at a Volkswagen plant in Tennessee voted to affix the union, the primary massive nonunion auto plant within the South to take action. Weeks later, the union negotiated a brand new contract bringing vital pay and profit enhancements for its members at a number of North Carolina factories owned by Daimler Truck.

“Dropping at Mercedes isn’t demise for the union,” mentioned Arthur Wheaton, director of labor research at Cornell College Faculty of Industrial and Labor Relations. “It simply means they’ll have much less confidence going to the subsequent plant. The U.A.W. is in it for the long term. I don’t assume they’re going to cease simply because they misplaced right here.”

Since its founding in 1935, the U.A.W. has virtually solely represented staff employed by the three Michigan-based automakers: Common Motors, Ford Motor, and Chrysler, now a part of Stellantis. And it has lengthy struggled to make headway at vegetation owned by international producers, particularly in Southern states the place anti-union sentiment runs deep.

Employees on the Volkswagen plant had voted in opposition to being represented by the U.A.W. twice by slender margins earlier than the current union win there. An effort a decade in the past to arrange one of many Mercedes vegetation didn’t construct sufficient assist for an election.

Harley Shaiken, a professor emeritus on the College of California, Berkeley, famous that broad union organizing efforts seldom proceeded easily. Within the Thirties, the U.A.W. received recognition at G.M. and Chrysler however struggled at Ford, which continued using nonunion staff for a number of years.

“I’ve little question they’ll proceed organizing and finally strive for one more vote,” he mentioned.

In its previous efforts within the South, the union was hampered by a unfavourable picture, which can have additionally performed a component within the U.A.W.’s loss at Mercedes. For years, the three Michigan automakers had been chopping jobs and shutting vegetation, partially due to inflexible and dear labor contracts. The union was additionally damage by corruption instances that put a number of former senior officers, together with two former U.A.W. presidents, behind bars.

Enterprise leaders in Alabama ran a marketing campaign in opposition to the U.A.W. that was primarily based partially on the rivalry that the union was chargeable for the decline of Detroit. In a January opinion essay printed in The Alabama Every day Information, the chief govt of the Enterprise Council of Alabama, Helena Duncan, mentioned the state would endure the identical destiny if staff voted for the union.

“A lot of the decay that exists within the ‘Motor Metropolis’ right this moment outcomes from untenable calls for that the U.A.W. positioned on its car producers, an unwise transfer that despatched untold numbers of jobs to right-to-work states like ours and crippled a as soon as nice metropolis,” Ms. Duncan wrote.

A yr in the past, the union elected a brand new president, Shawn Fain, who was untouched by the corruption scandals and vowed to take a extra aggressive strategy in contract talks. Then final fall, the union got here away with substantial pay and profit good points in negotiations with the Detroit automakers, after focused strikes over some 40 days. A whole bunch of Southern autoworkers started reaching out, asking for assist organizing their nonunion vegetation. The U.A.W. responded by saying that it might spend $40 million on organizing drives over the subsequent two years.

“I’m not scared in any respect,” Mr. Fain mentioned Friday in Alabama after the union misplaced the Mercedes vote. “I imagine staff need unions, I imagine they need justice, and we’re going to proceed doing what we are able to do.”

Mercedes in a press release emphasised its direct relationship with staff and mentioned it appeared ahead to creating certain the corporate was “not solely their employer of alternative, however a spot they’d advocate to family and friends.”

The union has signaled that it expects to focus its organizing efforts on one other Alabama plant — a Hyundai manufacturing facility in Montgomery. However organizing that plant will in all probability be even more durable than the marketing campaign on the Mercedes factories, mentioned Erik Gordon, a College of Michigan enterprise professor who follows the auto business.

The U.A.W. had allies at Volkswagen and Mercedes. Unions are highly effective gamers in Germany, the place these two firms are primarily based. Underneath German legislation, employee representatives should occupy half the seats on an organization’s supervisory board, the equal of an American board of administrators.

Volkswagen and Mercedes each have teams known as works councils by way of which managers and staff focus on and negotiate office points and manufacturing plans. In its drive on the Volkswagen plant in Chattanooga, the U.A.W. had the assist of the corporate’s works council and IG Metall, the highly effective union that represents all German automotive staff.

The U.A.W. received’t have that sort of assist at Hyundai’s Montgomery plant, Mr. Gordon mentioned. “Typically, Korean automobile firms have extra adversarial relationships with unions than do the German producers,” he mentioned. “Korean firms are much less used to sitting collectively in a convention room with unions.”

Final yr, weeks after the U.A.W. received pay and profit will increase from the three Michigan-based automakers, Hyundai introduced that it might enhance its staff’ pay sharply over the subsequent 4 years — a transfer broadly seen as an try and dampen staff’ curiosity in becoming a member of the U.A.W.

“The choice to be represented by a union is as much as our staff members,” Hyundai mentioned in a press release.

The Montgomery plant makes two common sport utility automobiles — the Tucson and Santa Fe — and employs about 4,000 staff. An earlier U.A.W. drive to arrange the plant in 2016 petered out with out coming to a vote.

Final fall, the union mentioned it deliberate to focus on vegetation owned by 10 foreign-owned automakers — Toyota, Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, BMW, Mercedes, Subaru, Volkswagen, Mazda and Volvo — and others owned by Tesla, which is predicated in Texas, and two smaller electrical car start-ups, Lucid and Rivian, each primarily based in California.

The U.S. vegetation owned by these international and U.S. firms make use of practically 150,000 staff in 13 states, the union mentioned.

In Alabama, nonetheless, the U.A.W. confronted maybe a extra hostile surroundings than anyplace else. Whereas it was campaigning at Mercedes, Gov. Kay Ivey spoke out in opposition to the union and headed a gaggle of six Southern governors, all Republicans, who issued a letter suggesting unionizing might trigger automakers to maneuver jobs out of their states. One senior Alabama politician described the U.A.W. as “leeches.”

Mercedes introduced in Nick Saban, the massively common former soccer coach on the College of Alabama, to speak to staff in an effort to steer them to vote in opposition to the U.A.W.

Unions are historically seen as a Northern establishment and are sometimes linked with the civil rights motion, which alienates many individuals in Alabama, Mr. Gordon mentioned. “It’s a really powerful place for the U.A.W.,” he mentioned.

That antipathy might additionally make it arduous for the U.A.W. to barter contracts guaranteeing its members raises and different good points even when it wins unionizing votes. Lawmakers who oppose unions could put stress on employers to not make massive concessions in negotiations.

Mr. Fain and the U.A.W. have argued that unions are one of the best ways for staff to demand increased wages when automakers are having fun with robust gross sales and income in North America.

Public assist of unions is stronger than it has been in years, together with within the South. This yr, 600 staff at an electrical bus manufacturing facility in Alabama voted to affix the Communications Employees of America union. Per week in the past, they negotiated a brand new contract delivering pay raises and enhanced advantages.

The U.A.W. and different unions even have loved the assist of President Biden, who final fall joined putting autoworkers on a picket line in Michigan. The union endorsed Mr. Biden on this yr’s election.

However that shut affiliation with the president may damage the U.A.W. with conservative staff in a Southern state preferring Mr. Biden’s opponent — former President Donald J. Trump. Mr. Fain and Mr. Trump have usually criticized one another, however polls have proven that a sizable minority of union households support the former president.