Sitting close to a window inside Boston’s 4 Seasons Lodge, overlooking a duck pond within the metropolis’s Public Backyard, Ray Kurzweil held up a sheet of paper exhibiting the regular development within the quantity of uncooked laptop energy {that a} greenback might purchase during the last 85 years.

A neon-green line rose steadily throughout the web page, climbing like fireworks within the evening sky.

That diagonal line, he stated, confirmed why humanity was simply 20 years away from the Singularity, a protracted hypothesized second when individuals will merge with synthetic intelligence and increase themselves with thousands and thousands of instances extra computational energy than their organic brains now present.

“In case you create one thing that’s hundreds of instances — or thousands and thousands of instances — extra highly effective than the mind, we are able to’t anticipate what it’ll do,” he stated, sporting multicolored suspenders and a Mickey Mouse watch he purchased at Disney World within the early Eighties.

Mr. Kurzweil, a famend inventor and futurist who constructed a profession on predictions that defy standard knowledge, made the identical declare in his 2005 e-book, “The Singularity Is Close to.” After the arrival of A.I. applied sciences like ChatGPT and up to date efforts to implant laptop chips inside individuals’s heads, he believes the time is true to restate his declare. Final week, he revealed a sequel: “The Singularity Is Nearer.”

Now that Mr. Kurzweil is 76 years outdated and is shifting quite a bit slower than he used to, his predictions carry an added edge. He has lengthy stated he plans to expertise the Singularity, merge with A.I. and, on this means, dwell indefinitely. But when the Singularity arrives in 2045, as he claims it would, there is no such thing as a assure he will probably be alive to see it.

“Even a wholesome 20-year-old might die tomorrow,” he stated.

However his prediction just isn’t fairly as outlandish because it appeared in 2005. The success of the chatbot ChatGPT and comparable applied sciences has inspired many outstanding laptop scientists, Silicon Valley executives and enterprise capitalists to make extravagant predictions about the way forward for A.I. and the way it will alter the course of humanity.

Tech giants and different deep-pocketed buyers are pumping billions into A.I. growth, and the applied sciences are rising extra highly effective each few months.

Many skeptics warn that extravagant predictions about synthetic intelligence might crumble because the trade struggles with the boundaries of the uncooked supplies wanted to construct A.I., together with electrical energy, digital information, arithmetic and computing capability. Techno-optimism may really feel myopic — and entitled — within the face of the world’s many issues.

“When individuals say that A.I. will resolve each downside, they aren’t truly what the causes of these issues are,” stated Shazeda Ahmed, a researcher on the College of California, Los Angeles, who explores claims about the way forward for A.I.

The large leap, in fact, is imagining how human consciousness would merge with a machine, and other people like Mr. Kurzweil battle to elucidate how precisely this may occur.

Born in New York Metropolis, Mr. Kurzweil started programming computer systems as a young person, when computer systems had been room-size machines. In 1965, as a 17-year-old, he appeared on the CBS tv present “I’ve Received a Secret,” performing a piano piece composed by a pc that he designed.

Whereas nonetheless a scholar at Martin Van Buren Excessive College in Queens, he exchanged letters with Marvin Minsky, one of many laptop scientists who based the sector of synthetic intelligence at a convention within the mid-Fifties. He quickly enrolled on the Massachusetts Institute of Know-how to review beneath Dr. Minsky, who had develop into the face of this new tutorial pursuit — a mixture of laptop science, neuroscience, psychology and an nearly spiritual perception that considering machines had been attainable.

When the time period synthetic intelligence was first introduced to the general public throughout a 1956 convention at Dartmouth School, Dr. Minsky and the opposite laptop scientists gathered there didn’t suppose it might take lengthy to construct machines that might match the ability of the human mind. Some argued that a pc would beat the world chess champion and uncover its personal mathematical theorem inside a decade.

They had been a bit too optimistic. A pc wouldn’t beat the world chess champion till the late Nineteen Nineties. And the world continues to be ready for a machine to find its personal mathematical theorem.

After Mr. Kurzweil constructed a collection of corporations that developed all the things from speech recognition applied sciences to music synthesizers, President Invoice Clinton awarded him the Nationwide Medal of Know-how and Innovation, the nation’s highest honor for achievement in tech innovation. His profile continued to rise as he wrote a collection of books that predicted the long run.

Across the flip of the century, Mr. Kurzweil predicted that A.I. would match human intelligence earlier than the top of the 2020s and that the Singularity would observe 15 years later. He repeated these predictions when the world’s main A.I. researchers gathered in Boston in 2006 to rejoice the sector’s fiftieth anniversary.

“There have been well mannered snickers,” stated Subbarao Kambhampati, an A.I. researcher and Arizona State College professor.

A.I. started to quickly enhance within the early 2010s as a gaggle of researchers on the College of Toronto explored a expertise known as a neural community. This mathematical system might study expertise by analyzing huge quantities of information. By analyzing hundreds of cat photographs, it might study to establish a cat.

It was an outdated concept dismissed by the likes of Dr. Minsky a long time earlier than. However it began to work in eye-opening methods, because of the large quantities of information the world had uploaded onto the web — and the arrival of the uncooked computing energy wanted to research all that information.

The consequence, in 2022, was ChatGPT. It had been pushed by that exponential development in computing energy.

Geoffrey Hinton, the College of Toronto professor who helped develop neural community expertise and could also be extra accountable for its success than every other researcher, as soon as dismissed Mr. Kurzweil’s prediction that machines would exceed human intelligence earlier than the top of this decade. Now, he believes it was insightful.

“His prediction not appears to be like so foolish. Issues are taking place a lot sooner than I anticipated,” stated Dr. Hinton, who till just lately labored at Google, the place Mr. Kurzweil has led a analysis group since 2012.

Dr. Hinton is among the many A.I. researchers who consider that the applied sciences driving chatbots like ChatGPT might develop into harmful — maybe even destroy humanity. However Mr. Kurzweil is extra optimistic.

He has lengthy predicted that advances in A.I. and nanotechnology, which might alter the microscopic mechanisms that management the best way our our bodies behave and the illnesses that afflict them, will push again in opposition to the inevitability of demise. Quickly, he stated, these applied sciences will prolong lives at a sooner fee than individuals age, finally reaching an “escape velocity” that permits individuals to increase their lives indefinitely.

“By the early 2030s, we received’t die due to growing old,” he stated.

If he can attain this second, Mr. Kurzweil defined, he can most likely attain the Singularity.

However the traits that anchor Mr. Kurzweil’s predictions — easy line graphs exhibiting the expansion of laptop energy and different applied sciences over lengthy intervals of time — don’t all the time hold going the best way individuals count on them to, stated Sayash Kapoor, a Princeton College researcher and co-author of the influential on-line e-newsletter “A.I. Snake Oil” and a e-book of the identical identify.

When a New York Instances reporter requested Mr. Kurzweil if he was predicting immortality for himself again in 2013, he replied: “The issue is I can’t get on the telephone with you sooner or later and say, ‘Nicely, I’ve finished it, I’ve lived eternally,’ as a result of it’s by no means eternally.” In different phrases, he might by no means be proved proper.

However he could possibly be proved mistaken. Sitting close to the window in Boston, Mr. Kurzweil acknowledged that demise is available in many kinds. And he is aware of that his margin of error is shrinking.

He recalled a dialog together with his aunt, a psychotherapist, when she was 98 years outdated. He defined his idea of life longevity escape velocity — that individuals will finally attain a degree the place they’ll dwell indefinitely. She replied: “Are you able to please hurry up with that?” Two weeks later, she died.

Although Dr. Hinton is impressed with Mr. Kurzweil’s prediction that machines will develop into smarter than people by the top of the last decade, he’s much less taken with the concept that the inventor and futurist will dwell eternally.

“I believe a world run by 200-year-old white males can be an appalling place,” Dr. Hinton stated.

Audio produced by Patricia Sulbarán.